There are currently 5 permanent members of the UNSC: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States.

Pink wave is a recent resurgence of left-wing governments in Latin American democracies, with Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Honduras, Chile, and Colombia electing left-wing governments in the past few years.

Collateral is an asset that a lender accepts as security for extending a loan. If the borrower defaults, then the lender may seize the collateral.

The world economy’s recovery from covid-19, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, have pushed up oil prices, triggering a transfer of wealth from global consumers to fuel-exporting countries. The IMF estimates that energy exporters in Gulf States will this year net $320bn more in oil revenues than it had previously expected.

Dubai's position as a global financial hub has recently improved and its stock market has grown by 9%. Multinational and commodity firms have shifted to Dubai, the city's tax regulations also attract businesses from Asian and African markets.

The Ulchi-Freedom Shield is an annual joint military program between South Korea and USA. The exercise is the world's largest computerized command and control implementation. The 2022 joint drill is particularly much larger in terms of operations and logistics compared to prior years.

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is an organization labeled as terrorists by Western countries that is much smaller than Hamas, but much more organized. Founded in the late ’70s and early ’80s, the PIJ renounces negotiations with Israel, opting instead for armed struggle. Its goal is to create an Islamic Palestinian state that encompasses not only the occupied territories, but all of what is now Israel. However, unlike Hamas, it’s not part of the political leadership in Gaza or the West Bank and makes no effort toward political activity within the occupied territories.

The Arctic Council was established on 19 September 1996 when the governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United States signed the Ottawa Declaration. The Arctic Council is the leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic Indigenous peoples and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on research of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic.

Sanas is an accent translation tech device, designed primarily to be used by employees of international call centers. Its use would, for example, transform the Indian accent of a call center employee from India to an American accent, when they are engaging with a caller from the US.

For the purposes of this debate, a network state is a group of people who get together on the internet and decide to start a country. With a social network to connect them, a leader to unite them, and a cryptocurrency to protect their assets, the concept of a network state creates a country that can be born with laws, social services and all.

Collateral is an asset that a lender accepts as security for extending a loan. If the borrower defaults, then the lender may seize the collateral.

The world economy’s recovery from covid-19, and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, have pushed up oil prices, triggering a transfer of wealth from global consumers to fuel-exporting countries. The IMF estimates that energy exporters in Gulf States will this year net $320bn more in oil revenues than it had previously expected.

Dubai's position as a global financial hub has recently improved and its stock market has grown by 9%. Multinational and commodity firms have shifted to Dubai, the city's tax regulations also attract businesses from Asian and African markets.

The Ulchi-Freedom Shield is an annual joint military program between South Korea and USA. The exercise is the world's largest computerized command and control implementation. The 2022 joint drill is particularly much larger in terms of operations and logistics compared to prior years.

The Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is an organization labeled as terrorists by Western countries that is much smaller than Hamas, but much more organized. Founded in the late ’70s and early ’80s, the PIJ renounces negotiations with Israel, opting instead for armed struggle. Its goal is to create an Islamic Palestinian state that encompasses not only the occupied territories, but all of what is now Israel. However, unlike Hamas, it’s not part of the political leadership in Gaza or the West Bank and makes no effort toward political activity within the occupied territories.

Femcel stands for female involuntary celibate which refers to women who feel excluded from romantic relationships, often because of beauty standards and misogyny which therefore disadvantage them romantically, socially, and economically.

An ongoing series of protests and civil unrest against the government of Iran began in Tehran on 16 September 2022 as a reaction to the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini, who was arrested by the Guidance Patrol for wearing an "improper" hijab.

Free-range parenting is the concept of raising children in the spirit of encouraging them to function independently and with limited parental supervision, in accordance of their age of development and with a reasonable acceptance of realistic personal risks

Helicopter parenting refers to a style of parenting where parents are overly focused on their children and typically take much responsibility for their children's experiences and their successes or failures.

Relationship Minimalism refers to the practice of regularly purging friendships and/or relationships. This act seeks to declutter an individuals social life based on what the perceived value of the relationship with/without explanation.

Intellectualization is the use of rational reasoning when faced with emotional situations, as opposed to 'feeling' your emotions.

Currently, the Philippines is a unitary state with a central government made up of the executive, legislative, and judiciary. The central government based in Metro Manila has supreme authority to make decisions for the entire country under a unitary system of governance. Federalism has been proposed by multiple politicians in the Philippines in the past few decades, which would grant regional governments autonomous power to make decisions.

In Singapore, the ruling party holds a supermajority in the parliament. Ministerial salaries are also paid a high salary starting from approximately 1 million dollars a year, with the broad assumption of attracting talent into the public service.

According to the anti-party hopping law passed in Parliament on July 28, Members of Parliament (MPs) who defect from the party they represented as election candidates, or those who became independents, would have to vacate their seats. However, MPs sacked by their party would not lose their seats and MPs who voted against their party’s wishes in Parliament would not be affected.

ESG stands for environmental, social, and governance, which are factors used to evaluate companies on how far advanced they are with sustainability.

B: Customary practice in sport are rules that are not imposed by the laws of the game, but are commonly adhered to in the the spirit of sportsmanship. There is significant backlash when there is a breach of customary practice. For example: looking down upon mankading in cricket, keep winning margins small in football when national sentiments are likely to get hurt, and avoiding boisterous celebrations when winning matches.

C: All F1 teams have 2 drivers that compete together for the team championship, while competing against each other and drivers from other teams to win the driver’s championship.

Red Bull, one of the leading teams in F1, discovered Daniel Ricciardo and trained him in their junior talent programme. He raced for Red Bull and its subsidiary team for seven years. During this time, Max Verstappen, an 18 year old, joined Red Bull and quickly became F1’s rising star. Over time, Red Bull made it evident that they favored Max over Daniel as their number one driver. This caused tension between the young, rising star Verstappen and the experienced Ricciardo despite the latter’s longer tenure with the team.

House music refers to a genre that is birthed in the Black & Latinx queer communities underground scene (i.e. bars, clubs, ballroom culture, etc.) that has gained massive resurgence predominantly due to Drake's and Beyonce's most recent album releases.

BL or Boys' Love is a genre of fictional media that features homoerotic relationships between male characters. Though it is typically created by women for women and is distinct from homoerotic media marketed to gay men, it does also attract a male audience and can be produced by male creators.

Educational models prioritizing extrinsic motivation are models which reward or punish students with the intent of having them behave accordingly, e.g. grades and school punishments. Educational models which prioritize intrinsic motivation are models which focus on increasing inherent satisfaction in learning an activity separate from any consequence, e.g. enjoying the subject.

The Kathmandu Metropolitan City has made Nepal Bhasa (Newari language) compulsory in the school curriculum from Grade I to VIII. With this new rule, all private and public schools inside the Kathmandu metropolis will now have to teach Nepal Bhasa (Newari language). The policy has been seen as an extension of the constitutional provision that all local governments should incorporate one subject that reflects the identity of the local government in one or the other way. Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal and Newari people have historically inhabited the valley. Currently, Kathmandu has the highest population density of any city in Nepal, and there are and have been, high rates of rural to urban migration into the city.

For the purpose of this debate, Digital Nomad Tax-Free Plan is defined as a taxation system where foreign freelancers are allowed to live and work in particular areas without having to pay any taxes to the country/region they are currently based, provided that their employer is based out of the border of the implementing country/region.

Quiet quitting is where employees work within defined work hours and engage solely in activities related to their job within those hours. Despite the name, quiet quitting is not necessarily related to quitting a job outright, but rather not going beyond what is required.